Narration Rules 

        বক্তাৰ কথাখিনি বহু প্ৰকাশ কৰিলে তাকে Direct Speech বা Direct Narration (প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি) বোলে। বক্তাৰ কথাখিনিৰ সাৰমৰ্ম আনৰ কথাত প্ৰকাশ কৰিলে তাকে Indirect Speech বা Indirect Narration বোলে। মনত ৰাখিবাঃ (i) Direct Narration-অত বক্তাৰ কথাখিনি Inverted Comma (ঊর্ধ কমা) “-”ৰ ভিতৰত থাকে; যেনে— He said, “I am sorry.”

(ii) যিটো Verb Direct Speech introduce কৰি দিয়ে তাকে Reporting Verb বোলে; যেনে—
He said, “My mother loved me dearly."
(iii) Reporting Verb আৰু Direct Speech-অৰ মাজত Comma (,) বহে।। ওপৰৰ উদাহৰণ চোৱাঁ।
(iv) Indirect Speech-অত এই Comma-ৰ পৰিৱর্তে সাধাৰণতে that বা অন্য কোনো উপযুক্ত Conjunction বহে; যেনে—
He says, “I am unwell.” (Direct)
He says that he is unwell. (Indirect)
Sentence পাঁচবিধ; যেনে-- (i) Assertive Sentence বা Statement,
    (ii) Interrogative Sentence বা Question,
    (iii) Imperative Sentence,
    (iv) Optative Sentence
    (v) Exclamatory Sentence.
    এই পাঁচবিধ Sentence-অক Direct Speech-অৰ পৰা কেনেকৈ Indirect Speech-লৈ পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হয় তলত দেখুৱা হ’ল।

Rules for changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech
    Assertive Sentence or Statements
Direct Speech-অৰ পৰা Indirect Speech-অলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিবলৈ হ'লে সাধাৰণতে চাৰিৰকম পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্রয়োজন হয়।
(i) Changes in Pronoun Forms
(ii) Changes in Tenses
(iii) Changes in Time Expressions
(iv) Changes in Place Expressions
    কেতিয়াবা এই পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ নিয়মৰ ব্যতিক্রমো হ'ব পাৰে।

    (i) Changes in Pronoun Forms
Ram says, “I am a boy.” (Direct Speech)
Ram says that he is a boy. (Indirect Speech)
She says, “My mother is ill." (Direct Speech)
She says that her mother is ill. (Indirect Speech)
Jadu says, “We play football.”     (Direct Speech)
Jadu says that they play football. (Indirect Speech)
Kamal says, “Our Head-master teaches us English."(Direct Speech)
Kamal says that their Headmaster teaches them English. (Indirect Speech)
    মনত ৰাখিবা : (a) Assertive Sentence-অক Direct Speech-অৰ পৰা Indirect Speech-অলৈ পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰোঁতে Reporting verb-অৰ পাচত ‘that' এই Conjunction-টো বহে। তদুপৰি Direct Speech-অত Reporting Verb-অৰ পাচত বহা Comma আৰু Inverted Comma উঠি যায়। কেতিয়াবা 'that' Conjunction-টো উহ্য থাকে, যেনে-
Direct- He says, “Amal is a good boy."
Indirect- He says (that) Amal is a good boy.

(b) Direct Speech-অত ব্যৱহৃত Pronoun-বোৰ Indirect Speech-অত তলত দিয়া নিয়ম অনুসৰি সলনি হয় :
Direct        Indirect
I                 he (she)
me             him (her)
my             his (her)
we             they
us              them
our            their
this           that
these         those

        Direct Speech-অৰ First Person-অৰ Pronoun Reporting Verb-অৰ Subject-অৰ Person অনুসৰি পৰিৱর্তিত হয়। Second Person-অৰ Pronoun বোৰ Reporting Verb-অৰ পাচত থকা Noun বা Pronoun-অৰ Person অনুসৰি হয়। Third Person-বোৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন নহয়।

      'He' এই Pronoun-টোৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত কিবা Confusion হ'লে বন্ধনীৰ ভিতৰত Noun-টো উল্লেখ কৰি দিব লাগে। তলত উদাহৰণবোৰলৈ লক্ষ্য কৰাঁ-
Direct - He says, “I can do the sum.”
Indirect- He says that he can do the sum.
Direct – He says to me, “You are happy"
Indirect—He says to me that I am happy.
            (or) He tells me that I am happy.
Direct - He says to Ram, “You are right.”
Indirect - He says to Ram that he (Ram) is right.
              (or) He tells Ram that he (Ram) is right.
Direct - He says to us, “You are to blame.”
Indirect—He says to us that we are to blame.

    Assertive Sentence-অৰ Indirect Speech-অত say (to)-অৰ সলনি 'tell' Verb-অৰ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।

    (ii) Changes in Tenses
(1)যদি Reporting Verb-টো Present বা Future Tense-অত থাকে তেনেহ'লে Reported Speech-অৰ Tense-অৰ কোনো পৰিৱৰ্তন নহয়; যেনে—
Direct - He says, “I am unwell."
Indirect—He says that he is unwell.
Direct - Ram is saying, “I have a ring."
Indirect—Ram is saying that she has a ring.
Direct - She will say, “I am happy.”
Indirect—She will say that she is happy.

(2)যদি Reporting Verb-টো Past Tense-অত থাকে তেনেহ'লে Reported Speech-অৰ Verb-টোও অনুৰূপ [corresponding] Past Tense-অৰ হয়।
Direct - Ram said, “I go to school.”
Indirect—Ram said that he went to school.
Direct—He said, “I am doing it."
Indirect—He said that he was doing it.

মনত ৰাখিবা : Reporting Verb-টো Past Tense-অত থাকিলে Indirect Speech অত Reported Speech-অৰ verb-অৰ Tense তলত দিয়া ধৰণে সলনি হয় -
(i) Present Indefinite becomes Past Indefinite
(ii) Present Continuous becomes Past Continuous
(iii) Present Perfect becomes Past Perfect
(iv) Past Indefinite becomes Past Indefinite
(v) Past Continuous becomes Past Perfect Continuous.
(vi) "Shall" of Future Tense becomes "Should" or "Would".
(vii) "Will" of Future Tense becomes "Would" or "Should".

(3) যদি Reported Speech-টোৱে Universal truth (চিৰন্তন সত্য) বা habitual action (অভ্যাসগত কাম) বুজায় তেনেহ'লে Reporting Verb-টো Past Tense-ত থাকিলেও Direct Speech-অৰ verb-অৰ Tense-অৰ কোনো পৰিৱৰ্তন নহয়, যেনে—
 
Direct— He said, “Man is mortal."
Indirect— He said that man is mortal.
Direct— He said, “Honesty is the best policy."
Indirect— He said that honesty is the best policy.
Direct— Jatin said, "My father reads the Gita everyday."
Indirect— Jatin said that his father reads the Gita everyday.
 
(iii) Changes in the Time Expressions

Direct— He said, "I shall read the book now."
Indirect— He said that he would read the book then.
Direct— I said to him, "You will get it today.
Indirect— I told him he would get it that day.
Direct— He said to me, "I shall start for Mumbai tomorrow."
Indirect— He told me that he would start for Mumbai the next day.
Direct - She said, "I met my mother yesterday."
Indirect - She said that she had met her mother the previous day.

          Direct Speech-অত ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱা সময়সূচক expression-বোৰ Indirect Speech-অত তলত দিয়া ধৰণে ব্যৱহৃত হয়-
Direct                   Indirect
Now                     then
Today                  that day
Tomorrow           the next day
Yesterday            the previous day, or the day before
Last night            the night before, or the previous night before.

(iv) Changes in Place Expressions

Direct- He said, “I shall come here again.”
Indirect- He said that he would go there again.

            Direct Speech-অত ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱা স্থানসূচক শব্দ here, hence আৰু hither-অৰ ঠাইত ক্রমে there, thence আৰু thither হয়।
Direct Speech-অত ব্যৱহৃত here শব্দটোৱে 'in this world' বুজালে Indirect Speech-অতো একেদৰে থাকে। যেনে-
Direct- He said, “We can never be happy here."
Indirect—He said that we can never be happy here.

       Direct Speech-অত ব্যৱহৃত সান্নিধ্য (nearness) বুজোৱা Adjective, Verb বা Adverb-অৰ সলনি Indirect Speech-অত দূৰত্ব (remoteness) বোধক Adjective, Verb বা Adverb ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়; যেনে-
Direct             Indirect
This                that
These             those
Come             go
Thus              so or in that manner (way)

Direct- He said, “I have written this letter.”
Indirect- He said that he had written that letter.
Direct - She said to me, "I bought these books yesterday.”
Indirect- She told me that she had bought those books the previous day. 

Direct- He said, “My father will come here today."
Indirect- He said that his father would go there that day.

           যি প্ৰশ্নৰ উত্তৰ 'Yes' বা 'No'-ৰ দ্বাৰা দিব পাৰি তেনে প্রশ্নক ইংৰাজীত Specific Question বা Inverted Question বোলা হয়।

         যদি Reported Speech-টো Inverted Question হয় তেনেহ'লে Indirect Speech-অত (i) Reporting verb-অৰ সলনি ask বা inquire (inquire of)  ব্যৱহৃত আৰু (ii) তাৰ পাচত if বা whether বহে। (ii) তদুপৰি Indirect Speech-অত Inverted Question-টো Assertive Sentence-অত পৰিণত হয় আৰু শেষত question mark (?)-অৰ সলনি full stop (.) উদাহৰণবোৰলৈ চোৱা-  

Direct— He said to me, “Are you well?”
Indirect— He asked me if I was well. 

Direct— He said to me, “Is your father at home?”
Indirect— He inquired of me whether my father was at home.
Direct— I said to him, “Will you go to school.”
Indirect— I asked him if he would go to school.
Direct—He said to me, “Have you done the sum?”
Indirect—He asked me whether I had done the sum.

(b) Questions beginning with Do, Does and Did.
      যদি Direct Speech-অত Inverted question-টো Do, Does আৰু Did এৰে আৰম্ভ হয়। তেনেহ'লে Indirect Speech-অলৈ সলনি কৰোঁতে Reporting verb-অৰ সলনি সাধাৰণতে ask বা inquire of ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব লাগে, তাৰ পাছত if বা whether বহুৱাব লাগে আৰু শেষত Subject-অৰ Number, Person আৰু Reporting verb-অৰ tense অনুসৰি প্ৰধান verb-টোৰ বিভিন্ন form (ৰূপ) ব্যৱহৃত হয়, যেনে-
Direct- He says to me, “Do you play football?”
Indirect- He asked me if I played football.
Direct- I said to him, “Does your brother know Hindi?”
Indirect- I asked him whether his brother knew Hindi.
Direct— Gopal said to her, “Did you go there?”
Indirect- Gopal asked her whether she had gone there.

    ওপৰৰ প্ৰশ্নটোৰ উত্তৰ 'Yes' বা 'No'-ৰ দ্বাৰা দিয়া হোৱা নাই। প্রশ্নটোৰ বিচৰা উত্তৰটো স্পষ্টকৈ দিয়া হৈছে। এনে ধৰণৰ প্ৰশ্নকেSpecific Questions বোলা হয়। Specific Question who, which, where, when বোৰ আমি Question word-অৰ দ্বাৰা আৰম্ভ হয়।

    Direct Speech-অৰ Specific Question যদি Who, Whose বা Which-এৰে আৰম্ভ হয় তেনেহ'লে Indirect Speech-অত Reporting verb-অৰ ঠাইত সাধাৰণতে ask বা enquire of বহে। কিন্তু তাৰ পাচত if বা whether কিয়নো who বা which Reported clause-অৰ Subject-অৰ কাম কৰে কাৰণে ইয়াৰ (Reported clause-অৰ) Structure (গঠন)-অৰ কোনো পৰিৱৰ্তন নহয়। যেনে-
Direct- He said to me, “Who has done it?”
Indirect— He asked me who had done it.
Direct- He said to me, “Which is your book?”
Indirect- He asked me which book was mine.
Direct— Arun said to Arjun, “Whose pen is this?"
Indirect— Arun asked Arjun whose pen that was.

    Direct Speech-অত যদি Specific Question what, where, when, how আদি question word-অৰ দ্বাৰা আৰম্ভ হয়, তেনেহ'লে Indirect Speech-অত Reported Clause-টোত Subject-অক verb-অৰ আগত বহুৱাব লাগে; যেনে-
Direct— He said to me, “What are you doing?"
Indirect— He asked me what I was doing.
Direct— I said to him, “Where are you going?”
Indirect— I asked him where he was going.
Direct— He said to me, “When will you go home?"
Indirect— He inquired of me when I would go home.
Direct— He said to me, “How old are you?”
Indirect—He asked to me how old I was.
Direct— You said to him, “Why have you failed in the examination?"
Indirect— You asked him why he had failed in the examination.
 
    Imperative Sentences
    (a) যদি Reported speech-টো Imperative Sentence হয় তেনেহ'লে Indirect Speech-অত Reporting Verb-অৰ সলনি বক্তাৰ (Speaker-অৰ) মনৰ ভাৱ অনুসৰি order, advise, tell, command, ask, request, beg, pray, entreat, forbit আদি ব্যৱহৃত হয় আৰু Reported Speech-অৰ verb-অৰ আগত to বহুৱাই তাক Infinitive Form-অলৈ অনা হয়। যেনে-
Direct— He said to his servant, “Come here."
Indirect— He ordered his servant to go there.
Direct—The General said to the soldiers, “March on.”
Indirect— The General commanded the soldiers to march on.
Direct— Father said to me, “Be kind to the poor.”
Indirect— Father advised me to be kind to the poor.
Direct— I said to him, “Go home at once.”
Indirect— I told him to go home at once.
Direct— He said to me, “Please lend me your book."
Indirect— He requested me to lend him my book.
Direct— He said to the boys, “Don't run in the sun."
Indirect— He told the boys not to run in the sun.
Direct— The teacher said to his pupils, “Don't make a noise.”
Indirect— The teacher forbade his pupils not to make a noise.
Direct— He said to me, “Excuse me, sir.”
Indirect— He begged me to excuse him.

       Reported- অত সম্বোধন পদ (Vocative case) থাকিলে Indirect Speech অত কেতিয়াবা তাক বাদ দিব পাৰি। ওপৰৰ শেষৰ example-টো চোৱাঁ। কেতিয়াবা আকৌ সম্বোধন পদ অন্য ৰকমে দেখুৱাব লগা হয়। যেনে—
Direct— He said, “Ramesh, go there.”
Indirect— He told Ramesh to go there.
Direct— He said, "Friends, please listen to me.”
Indirect— Addressing them as friends he requested them to listen to him.
       (b) Direct Speech- টো Let-এৰে আৰম্ভ হ'লে আৰু ই কোনো Proposal (প্ৰস্তাৱ) বা Suggestion (মতামত) বুজালে Indirect Speech-অত Reporting Verb-অৰ সলনি অর্থ অনুযায়ী Propose বা Suggest ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় আৰু 'Let'-অৰ সলনি should ব্যৱহৃত হয়; যেনে—
Direct— He said to me, “Let us play."
Indirect— He proposed to me that we should play.
Direct— I said to him, “Let us go to the cinema.”
Indirect— I proposed (or suggested) to him that we should go
to the cinema.

         (c) Direct Speech-অৰ আদিতে বহা Let শব্দই যদি প্রস্তাৱ বা মতামত নুবুজাই Permission (অনুমতি) বা Prayer (প্ৰাৰ্থনা) বুজায় তেনেহ'লে Indirect Speech-অত Let-অৰ সলনি might বা might be allowed বহে আৰু অর্থ অনুসৰি Reporting Verb-টোও সলনি হয়। যেনে-
Direct— He said, “Let me go home now.
Indirect—He wished that he might be allowed to go home then.

    Optative Sentences
        যদি Reported Speech-টো Optative Sentences তেনেহ'লে Indirect Speech-অত বক্তাৰ (speaker-অৰ) মনৰ ভাব অনুযায়ী Reporting Verb-অৰ সলনি wish, pray, bless আদি Verb-অৰ কোনো এটা ব্যৱহৃত হয় আৰু Optative form-অৰ Assertive Sentence হয়। যেনে—
Direct— He said to me, “May you be happy."
Indirect— He wished that I might be happy.
Direct— He said to you, “May God bless you.”
Indirect— He prayed that God might bless me.
Direct— We said, “Long live our President."
Indirect— We wished that our President might live long.

    Exclamatory Sentences
         যদি Reported Speech-টো Exclamatory Sentence হয়, তেনেহ'লে Indirect Speech-অত বক্তাৰ মনৰ ভাব অনুযায়ী Reporting Verb-অৰ সলনি exclaim, cry, shout, confess, wish, praise আদি Verb-অৰ কোনো এটা form ব্যৱহৃত হয় আৰু Reporting Verb-অৰ Tense অনুসৰি Reported Speech- টো Assertive Sentence-অলৈ পৰিৱৰ্তিত হয়। কেতিয়াবা প্ৰয়োজন অনুসৰি Sentence-অৰ Structure (গঠন) ও কিছু সলনি কৰিব লগা হয়; যেনে—
Direct— He said, "Alas! I am undone."
Indirect— He exclaimed with sorrow that he was undone.
Direct— They said, “Hurrah! We have won the game."
Indirect— They cried out with joy that they had won the game.
Direct— He said to me, “What a beautiful scene it is!"
Indirect— He cried out in surprise that it was a very beautiful scene.

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Rules for narration of Interrogative sentence

Interrogative sentenceৰ narration পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰাৰ নিয়ম:
১. Reported Speech অৰ্থাৎ উৰ্ধকমাৰ (" ") ভিতৰৰ বাক্যবিলাক যদি am, is, are, was, were, do, did, does, have, has, had, can, may, could, might, shall, will, should, would আদিৰে আৰম্ভ হোৱা প্ৰশ্নবোধক বাক্য হয়, তেতিয়া Past Tenseত থকা Reporting verb ৰ স্থানত asked/enquired of ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় আৰু তাৰ পাছত যদি Object (me, them, her, him, the children etc.) থাকে তেতিয়া তাক নিজৰ স্থানত বহুৱাই তাৰ ঠিক পাছত if/whether ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অন্যান্য প্ৰয়োজনীয় পৰিবৰ্তনসমূহ কৰা হয়।
Eg. He said to me, 'Can you lend me some money now?'
Ans:- He asked me if I could lend him some money then.
২. যদিহে Reported Speech বোৰ when, where, why, whom, who, whose, whence, what, how, how many, how much আদিৰে আৰম্ভ হোৱা প্ৰশ্নবোধক বাক্য হয়, তেতিয়া asked/enquired of/asked me, him/enquired of me, him আদিৰ ঠিক পাছতেই Wh-word বোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অন্যান্য প্ৰয়োজনীয় পৰিবৰ্তনসমূহ কৰা হয়।
Eg. He said to the man,'Where do you live?'
Ans-He asked the man where he lived.

 

Dipak B

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