1) What is Cold war?
Ans:-
The Cold War referred to the competition, the tensions and a series of
confrontations between the United States and Soviet Union, backed by
their respective allies.
2) write the full form of NATO.
Ans:- North Atlantic Treaty organization.
3) what is warsaw pact?
Ans:- The eastern alliance was know as warsaw pact which was led by the Soviet Union.
4) What is the principal function of warsaw pact?
Ans:- The principal function of warsaw pact was to counter NATO's forces in europe.
5) when did cold war begin?
Ans:- The call war began in the year 1945.
6) Fill in the blank:
a) The end of the second World War was the beginning of___.
Ans: Cold War.
7) Mention the period of the cold war era.
Ans :The period of cold war era was from 1945 to 1991.
8) write 'Yes' or 'No'.
a) Cold war was a competition between the US and Soviet Union and their respective allies.
Ans: Yes.
9) What was the principal functions of warsaw pact?
Ans To counter NATO.
10) Write the full form of NIEO?
Ans:- New International Economic Order.
11) What do you mean by CENTO?
Ans:- Central Treaty Organization.
12) What is 'Deterrence'?
Ans: To prevent or discourage.
13) What is LOCs?
Ans: Line of control.
14) Write the full form of NAM?
Ans: Non Aligned Movement.
15) What was the Cuban crisis?
Ans: Cuban Crisis was a high point of cold war ocurred in 1962.
16) What is UNETAD?
Ans: United Nations Conference on trade and development.
17) Name the two super powers?
Ans: Soviet Union and United states of America.
18) Does NAM stand for isolation?
Ans: No, NAM doesn't stand for isolation.
19) In which year USA dropped two atomic bombs on the Japanise cities of Nagasaki and Hiroshima?
Ans: 1945
20) what is LDCs?
Ans:Least Developed Countries.
21) Correct the sentence: The US was committed to the ideology of socialism.
Ans:- The U.S. was committed to the ideology of capitalism.
22) What is meant by allied and axis powers of the Second World War?
Ans:-
Allied powers of the Second World War refers to those countries who won
the world war. These Allied powers includes countries like the U.S.,
Soviet Union, Britain and France.
Axis power of the second
world war refers to the countries who were defeated in the wa. These
asis powers includes countries like the Germany, Italy and japan.
23) How did second World War come to an end ?
Ans:-
The second World War come to an end when the U.S. dropped two atomic
bombs in the Japaneese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Agust 1945,
cousing Japan to surrender.
24) Name the two super powersthat emerged after the second World War.
Ans:- The two super powers which emerged after second world War were the US and the soviet Union.
25) Name the two places where atom bombs were dropped in the second world war.
Ans:- Hiroshima and Nagasaki were the two famous places where atom bombs were dropped in the second world war.
26) Name the two arms control agreements signed by the two super powers. 2013
Ans:-(i) Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT)
(ii) Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
1. What is Cold war?
Ans:- The Cold War referred to the
competition, the tensions and a series of confrontations between the
United States and Soviet Union, backed by their respective allies.
2. What do you mean by Cuban Missile Crises?
Ans:-
Cuba was an ally of the Soviet Union and received both diplomatic and
financial aid from it. Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet
Union, decided to convert Cuba into a Russian base. In 1962, he placed
nuclear missiles in Cuba. The installation of these weapons put the US,
for the first time, under fire from close range and nearly doubled the
number of bases or cities in the American mainland which could be
threatened by the USSR. After 3 weeks, the Americans became aware of it.
The US President, John F. Kennedy, ordered American warships to
intercept any Soviet ships heading to Cuba as a way of warning the USSR
of his seriousness.This clash is known as Cuban missile crises.
3. How did 2nd world war ended?
Ans:-
The end of the Second World War was also the beginning of the Cold war.
The world war ended when the United States dropped two atomic bombs on
the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, causing
Japan to surrender. Critics of the US decision to drop the bombs have
argued that the US knew that Japan was about to surrender and that it
was unnecessary to drop the bombs US supporters have argued that the
dropping of the atomic bombs was necessary to end the war quickly and to
stop further loss of American and Allied lives.
4. What is Logic of Deterrence?
Ans:-
Logic of Deterrence means Both sides have the capacity to react against
an attack and to cause so muchdestruction that neither can afford to
initiate war. The deterrence relationship prevents war but not the
rivalry between powers.
7. What is NATO & WARSAW PACT?
Ans:-
*North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was an organization formed
by western alliance led by Us in April 1949. It was an association of
twelve states which declared that armed attack on any one of them in
Europe or North America would be regarded as an attack on all of them.
*Warsaw
Pact also known as Eastern Alliance was led by the Soviet Union. It was
created in 1955 and its principal function was to counter NATO’s forces
in Europe.
8. Why did Superpowers need to make alliances with smaller countries?
Ans:- (a) VITAL RESOURCES:They wanted to utilize the vital resources such as minerals and oils of the smaller countries
(b)
LOCATIONS:Superpowers need to spy on each other thus small countries
plays a very important role in providing locations for spying.
(c) TERRITORIES: They need territories from where the superpowers could launch their weapons and troops.
(d) ECONOMIC SUPPORT: Many small allies together could help pay for military expenses to these superpowers.
9. What was alliance system built by US in East West and South East Asia?
Ans:-*The Southeast Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO)
*Central Treaty Organisation(CENTO)
10. What are the 3 treaties signed between US & USSR for arms control?
Ans:-
(a) Limited Test Ban Treaty,
(b) Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
(c) Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
11. How did India Challenged Bipolarity?
Ans:-The
first non-aligned summit was held in Belgrade in 1961. The roots of NAM
went back to the friendship between three leaders — Yugoslavia’s Josip
Broz Tito, India’s Jawaharlal Nehru, and Egypt’s leader Gamal Abdel
Nasser — who held a meeting in 1956. Indonesia’s Sukarno and Ghana’s
Kwame Nkrumah strongly supported them. These five leaders came to be
known as the five founders of NAM.
This was the culmination of at least three factors :
(i) cooperation among these five countries,
(ii) growing Cold War tensions and its widening arenas, and
(iii)
the dramatic entry of many newly decolonized African countries into the
international arena. By 1960, there were 16 new African
members in the UN.
12. Write a short note on NIEO?
Ans:-The
non-aligned countries were more than merely mediators during the Cold
War. The challenge for most of the non-aligned countries — a majority of
them were categorized as the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) — was to
be more developed economically and to lift their people out of poverty.
Economic development was also vital for the independence of the new
countries.
The United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD) brought out a report in 1972 entitled Towards a
NewTrade Policy for Development.The report proposed a reform of the
global trading system so as to:
(i) give the LDCs control over their natural resources exploited by the developed Western countries,
(ii)
obtain access to Western markets so that the LDCs could sell their
products and, therefore, make trade more beneficial for the poorer
countries,
(iii) reduce the cost of technology from the Western countries, and
(iv) provide the LDCs with a greater role in international economic institutions.
12. Write the India Role during Coldwar? How India took the benefits from NAM? How did India’s Policy Criticised?
Ans:-As a leader of NAM, India’s response to the ongoing Cold War was two-fold:
1. At one level, it took particular care in staying away from the two alliances.
2. Second, it raised its voice against the newly decolonized countries becoming part of these alliances.
India’s Interest/India’s Benefits
*First,
non-alignment allowed India to take international decisions and stances
that served its interests rather than the interests of the superpowers
and their allies.
*Second, India was often able to balance one
superpower against the other. If India felt ignored or pressurized by
one superpower, it could tilt towards the other
Criticism:-
*First,
India’s non-alignment was said to be ‘unprincipled’. In the name of
pursuing its national interest, India, it was said, often refused to
take a firm stand on crucial international issues.
*Second, it is
suggested that India was inconsistent and took contradictory postures.
Having criticised others for joining alliances, India signed the Treaty
of Friendship in August 1971 with the USSR for 20 years. This was
regarded, particularly by outside observers, as virtually joining the
Soviet alliance system.
13. Write a short Note on the arenas of the Cold War?
Ans:-
a) Arenas means the area where crisis and war occurred or threatened to
occur between the alliance system but did not cross certain limits and
there was no nuclear war or world hostilities.
b) Arenas of the Cold War were as given below :
i) The Cuban Missile crisis took place in 1962.
ii) The two superpowers came into direct confrontations in Korea (1950-53), Berlin (1958-62) and the Congo (The Early 1960s).
c) Results : i) Many people died in arenas like Korea, Vietnam and Afghanistan.
ii) In some cases huge military build – ups were reported.
iii)
In many cases, diplomatic communication between the superpowers could
not be sustained and contributed to the misunderstandings.
d) Role played by NAM leaders : i) Jawaharlal Nehru played an important role in meditating between the two superpowers.
ii) In Congo the UN Secretary general played a key mediator role.
14. Describe the various areas control arms control treaties signed between 1963 and 1993.
Ans. i) Limited Test Ban Treaty (1963)-It banned nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere in the outer space and under water.
ii)
Nuclear Non–Proliferation Treaty (1968)-It allowed only the nuclear
weapons states to have nuclear weapons and stops other from acquiring
them.
iii) Strategic Arms Limitation Talk-1 (SALT-1) - After the
talks Soviet leader Brezhnev and US President Nixon signed a Treaty on
the limitations of Anti – Ballistic Missile Systems (ABM Treaty) and
Interim Agreement on the limitation of strategic offensive arms (October
1972).
iv) Strategic Arms Limitation Talk-2 (SALT-2) -The US
President Jimmy Carter and the Soviet leonid leader Brezhnev signed the
Treaty on the limitations of strategic offensive arms in Vienna on 18
June 1979.
v) Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty-1 (START-1) -was signed by Soviet
President Gorbachev and the US President George Bush senior on the eduction
and limitation of strategic offensive arms in Moscow on 31 July 1991.
vi)
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty-2 (START-2) -The Russian President
Boris Yeltsin and the US President George Bush Senior signed on the
reduction and limitations of strategic offensive arms in Moscow on 3
January 1993.
15. Non-Allignment was not Isolationism. Comment.
Ans:-(a) Isolationism means remaining aloof from world affairs.
(b)
Isolationism sums up for the foreign policy of the US from the American
War of Independence in 1787 up to the beginning of the First World War.
(c)
In comparison , the non aligned countries including INDIA played an
active role in mediating between the two rival alliance in the cause of
peace and stability.
(d) Their strength is based on their unity and
their resolve to remain non – aligned despite the attempt by the two
superpowers to bring them into their alliances.
Example :- India’s role in meditating during Korean War.
16. Non Alignment is not neutrality. Comment.
Ans:- (i) Neutrality refers principally to a policy of staying out of war.
(ii) States practicing neutrality are not required to help in ending war.
(iii) They do not get involved in wars and do not take any position on the appropriateness or morality of a war.
(iv)
Non – aligned states, including INDIA were actually involved in wars
for various reasons. They also worked to prevent war between others and
tried to end wars that had broken out.
Example :- India’s role in Suez Canal crisis and Congo Crisis.
17. What were the core enduring ideas / values of NAM?
Ans:-
(i) Non alignment is that policy which gave the third option to the
newly independent countries that they had not to join either of the
alliances. It was not based on neutrality and isolationism. It was also a
policy of taking of own independent stand in terms of foreign
relations.
(ii) NAM was based on the recognition that decolonized
states share a historical affiliation and can become a powerful force if
they come together.
(iii) It meant that the poor and often very
small countries of the world need not become followers of any of the big
power, that they could pursue an independent foreign policy.
(iv) It
was also based on a resolve to democratize the international system by
thinking about an alternative world order to redress existing
inequities.
These core ideas remain relevant even after the cold war has ended.
18. What is the relevance of NAM?
Ans:-(i)
Non – alignment as a strategy evolved in the cold war context. After
the Disintegration of the USSR and the end war of the cold war in 1991,
non – alignment both as an international movement and as the core of
India’s foreign policy lost some of its earlier relevance and
effectiveness.
(ii) However non – alignment contained some core values and enduring ideas :-
a)
NAM was based on the recognition that decolonized states share a
historical affiliation and can become a powerful force if they come
together.
b) It meant that the poor and often very small countries of
the world need not become followers of any of the big powers , that
they could pursue an independent foreign policy.
c) It was also
based on a resolve to democratize the international system by thinking
about an alternative world order to redress existing inequities.
d)Non
alignment is that policy which gave the third option to the newly
independent countries that they had not to join either of the alliances.
It was not based on neutrality and isolationism. It was also a policy
of taking of own independent stand in terms of foreign relations.
These core ideas remain relevant even after the cold war has ended.
(iii)
NAM today also addresses important issues that concern the whole world
today like that of disarmament, environmental degradation, economic
growth of the third world countries, neo colonialism etc,.
19. What have been the achievements of NAM?
Ans:-
(i) Reducing cold war conflicts : Sometimes countries outside the two
blocs, for example , the non – aligned countries played a role in
reducing cold war conflicts and adverting some grave crises.
Jawaharlal Nehru – one of the key leaders of the NAM – played a crucial role in meditating between the two superpowers.
(ii)
Increase co –operation between third countries :During the cold war
India repeatedly tried to activate those regional and international
organizations, which were not a part of the alliances led by the US and
USSR. Nehru reposed great faith in a genuine common wealth of free
cooperation nations that would play a positive role in softening, if not
ending, the cold war .
(iii) Active role in meditating between the
two rivals alliances : Nehru reminded the world, nonalignment was not a
policy of ‘fleeing away’. On the contrary, India was in favour of
actively intervening in world affairs to soften cold war rivalries.
India tried to reduce the differences between the alliances and thereby
prevent differences from escalating into a full-scale war. Indian
diplomats and leaders were often used to communicate and meditate
between cold war rivals such as in the Korea War in the early 1950s.
(iv)
Preventing war and trying to end wars that have already broken out :
Non aligned states , including INDIA were actually involved in wars for
various reasons. They also worked to prevent war between the others and
tried to end wars that had broken out.
(v) Economic pressure group
:The nature of nonalignment changed to give greater importance to
economic issues. In 1961, at the first summit in Belgrade, economic
issued had not been very important. By the mid – 1970s, they had become
the most important issues. As a result, NAM became an economic pressure
group.
20. The Cold War produced an arms race as well as arms control. What were the reasons for both these development?
Ans:- The Cold War produced an arms race as well as arms control.
(i) Cuban Missile Crisis engaged both of them (superpowers) in the development of nuclear weapons to influence the world.
(ii)
US dropped nuclear bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki with
the intention to stop soviet Union from making military and political
gains in Asia.
(iii) Both the powers were not ready to initiate a war
because they knew that destruction from these will not justify any gain
for them.
(iv) Both the powers were to be rational and responsible
being restraint and avoiding risk of another world war to ensure human
survival.
(v) Hence, both the superpowers decided to limiting certain
kinds of nuclear various significant agreements within a decade i.e.
limited Test Ban Treaty, Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, Anti
Ballistic, missile treaty etc.
21. Sometimes it is said that the
Cold War was a simple struggle for power and that ideology had nothing
to do with it. Do you agree with this? Give one example to support your
position.
Ans:- Yes, the cold war was a simple struggle for power and that ideology had nothing to do with it because:
(i) The cold war led to several shooting wars but this did not lead to another world war.
(ii)
Despite direct confrontations in Korea (1950-53), Berlin (1958-62), the
Congo (early 1960s), neither alliance system crossed certain limits.
(iii)
Many lives have been lost in some of the arenas like Korea, Vietnam and
Afghanistan but World War spread a nuclear war or global hostilities.
Post Graduate Teacher (Political Science)
H.N.Seminary Model HS School, Bagribari, Dhubri,Assam
Email : brahmaratan@gmail.com
Mobile : 7020477396
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